AN ASSESSMENT OF SELECTED AIR QUALITY POLLUTANTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE PRODUCTION OF BIOETHANOL FROM CASSAVA (Manihot spp.) IN OGUN STATE, SOUTHWEST NIGERIA

Abstract

This study investigates the air quality parameters associated with bioethanol production in Nigeria, with a focus on the significant disparities in emissions across various operational sections of the production facility. Ambient air samples were collected from key areas, including liquefaction, fermentation, distillation, effluent treatment plant (ETP), boiler, generator, and biomass reactor sections. The results revealed notably high levels of particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and noise pollution, particularly during the distillation phase, where PM2.5 concentrations peaked at 65.16 µg/m³, far exceeding World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. Out of the nine monitored air quality parameters, only three—carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur oxides—were found to be within permissible limits. This highlights exceedances that pose significant health risks to workers and surrounding communities. Given that approximately 7 million deaths globally each year are attributable to common air pollution-related illnesses, the findings underscore the urgent need for stringent regulatory frameworks governing bioethanol production. While the adoption and use of biofuels, such as bioethanol, can improve urban air quality, enhance energy security, and promote sustainability in the transport sector while reducing greenhouse gas emissions, it is critical to acknowledge that biofuels generate air emissions at every stage of their life cycle. Emissions from feedstock conversion processes remain particularly under-researched. This study advocates for comprehensive health risk assessments for populations affected by bioethanol production, as well as the development of community awareness programs to educate local populations about the associated risks. Inter-sectoral collaboration among government agencies, environmental organizations, academic institutions, and the private sector is essential for fostering sustainable bioethanol production practices. By balancing the benefits of bioethanol production with potential environmental and health costs, this research provides valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders in Nigeria's renewable energy sector, emphasizing the necessity of effective air quality management in bioethanol production.